References:
- BSA brand Bicycles are currently manufactured and distributed in India by TI Cycles of India
- Motorcycles bearing the brand BSA were briefly manufactured after 1979 by a business now known as BSA Regal
- BSA brand air rifles are manufactured in Birmingham by a subsidiary of Spanish manufacturer Gamo
The Birmingham Small Arms Company Limited (BSA) was a
major industrial combine, a group of businesses manufacturing military
and sporting firearms; bicycles; motorcycles; cars; buses and bodies;
steel; iron castings; hand, power, and machine tools; coal cleaning and handling plants; sintered metals; and hard chrome process.
At its peak, BSA was the largest motorcycle producer in the world.
Loss of sales and poor investments in new products in the motorcycle
division, which included Triumph Motorcycles, led to problems for the whole group.
A government-organized rescue operation in 1973 led to the takeover of remaining operations by what is now Manganese Bronze Holdings, then owners of Norton-Villiers,
and over the following decade further closures and dispersals. The
original company, The Birmingham Small Arms Company Limited, remains a
subsidiary of Manganese Bronze but its name was changed in 1987.
Manganese Bronze continues to operate former BSA subsidiary Carbodies, now known as LTI Limited, manufacturers of London Taxicabs and the largest wholly British owned car manufacturer.
[edit] History of the BSA industrial group
BSA began in June 1861 in the Gun Quarter, Birmingham England, founded specifically to manufacture guns by machinery, by fourteen gunsmiths of the Birmingham Small Arms Trade Association. The balance had moved against the Birmingham gunsmiths following the outbreak of the Crimean War in 1854. The Board of Ordnance's Royal Small Arms Factory
at Enfield had introduced machinery made in the USA. Their greatly
increased output had been achieved with reduced reliance on skilled
craftsmen.[1] The War Office provided free access to technical drawings and their facilities at their Enfield factory.
The newly-formed company purchased 25 acres of land at Small Heath, Birmingham, built a factory there and made a road on the site calling it Armoury Road.
[edit] Firearms
BSA's resort to the use of machinery was rewarded in 1863 with an
order for 20,000 Turkish infantry rifles. The management of the BSA
Company was changed at an Extraordinary Meeting called on September 30,
1863 when the Company was changed from being run by a committee to that
of an elected Board of Directors, Joseph Wilson, Samuel Buckley, Isaac
Hollis, Charles Playfair, Charles Pryse, Sir John Ratcliffe, Edward Gem,
and J.F. Swinburn under the chairmanship of John Dent Goodman.[2]
The first War Office contract was not agreed until 1868. In 1879 the
factory, without work, was shut for a year. The military arms trade was
precarious.[3]
[edit] New ventures
[edit] Bicycles
The next year BSA branched out into bicycle manufacture.[4] In 1880 they manufactured the Otto Dicycle, In the 1880s the company began to manufacture Safety bicycles on their own account and not until 1905 was the company's first experimental motorcycle constructed. Bicycle production ceased in 1887 as the company concentrated on producing the Lee-Metford
magazine loading rifle for the War Office which was re-equipping the
British Army with it. The order was for 1,200 rifles per week. BSA
recommenced manufacturing bicycles on their own behalf from 1908. BSA Cycles Ltd
was set up in 1919 for the manufacture of both bicycles and
motorcycles. BSA sold the bicycle business to Raleigh in 1957 after
separating the bicycle and motorcycle business in 1953.
[edit] Bicycle components
In 1893 BSA commenced making bicycle hubs[2]
and continued to supply the cycle trade with bicycle parts up to 1936.
BSA bought The Eadie Manufacturing Company of Redditch in 1907 and so
began to manufacture the Eadie two speed hub gear and the Eadie coaster
brake hub. BSA also signed an agreement with the Three Speed Gear
Syndicate in 1907 to manufacture a 3 speed hub under licence. This was
later classified as the Sturmey Archer
Type X. BSA introduced a 'Duo' hub in the late 1930s which was capable
of one fixed gear and one gear with a freewheel. All BSA hub gear
production temporarily ceased in 1939, until they recommenced making
their 3 speed hub around 1945. The Eadie coaster hub made a brief return
in 1953 on two BSA bicycle models. BSA forever ceased production of
their hub gears in 1955.
[edit] Ammunition
BSA sold its ammunition business in 1897 to Birmingham Metal and
Munitions Company Limited part of the Nobel-Dynamite Trust, through Kynoch a forerunner of ICI.[5]
[edit] Sparkbrook
In 1906 Frank Dudley Docker
was appointed a director of the Company. By the autumn of that year BSA
were in some difficulty. They had purchased the Sparkbrook Royal Small
Arms Factory from the War Office, and in return, the War Office
undertook to give BSA a quarter of all orders for Lee-Enfield rifles,
but the War Office did not honour their undertaking.[6]
The ensuing financial crisis did not prevent BSA from signing an
agreement to amalgamate with another bicycle component manufacturer, the
Eadie Manufacturing Company of Redditch,
on 11 February 1907. That decision was ratified by the shareholders of
both companies at separate Extraordinary General Meetings held in the
Grand Hotel, Birmingham on 27 February 1907. Albert Eadie became a BSA
director, a post he held until his death in 1931.[2]
[edit] Motorcycles
Motor bicycles were added to bicycle products in 1910. The BSA 3½ hp
was exhibited at the 1910 Olympia Show, London for the 1911 season. The
entire BSA production sold out in 1911, 1912 and 1913.[2]
[edit] Motor cars
[edit] BSA cars
In an effort to make use of the Sparkbrook factory BSA established a
motor-car department there. An independent part of it was occupied by Lanchester Motor Company.
The first prototype automobile was produced in 1907. The following
year, marketed under BSA Cycles Ltd, the company sold 150 automobiles
and again began producing complete bicycles on its own account. By 1909
it was clear the new motorcar department was unsuccessful, an
investigation committee reported to the BSA Board on the many failures
of its management and their poor organization of production.
[edit] Daimler vehicles
Dudley Docker had joined the board in 1906 and was appointed deputy
chairman of BSA in 1909. He had made a spectacular financial success of a
merger of five large rolling-stock companies in 1902 and become the
leader of the period's merger movement. Believing he could buy the
missing management skills that could not be found within BSA he started
merger talks with The Daimler Motor Company Limited
of Coventry. Daimler and Rover were then the largest British car
producers. Daimler was immensely profitable. After its capital
reconstruction in 1904 Daimler's profits were 57% and 150% returns on
invested capital in 1905 and 1906. The attraction for Daimler
shareholders was the apparent stability of BSA.[7]
So in 1910 BSA purchased Daimler with BSA shares but Docker who
negotiated the arrangements either ignored or failed in his assessment
of their consequences for the new combine. The combine was never
adequately balanced or co-ordinated. One of the financial provisions
obliged Daimler to pay BSA an annual dividend of £100,000 representing
approximately 40% of the actual cash BSA had put into Daimler. This
financial burden deprived Daimler of badly needed cash to fund
development, forcing the Daimler company to borrow money from the Midland Bank.[8]
BSA had still not recovered financially from the earlier purchase of
Royal Small Arms factory at Sparkbrook and BSA were not in a position to
finance Daimler, nor had either company ample liquid resources. BSA
went ahead with motorcycle production in 1910, their first model
available for the 1911 season. In 1913 the BSA group were compelled
through pressure from the Midland Bank to make a capital issue of
300,000 preference shares. In the short term this was to solve the
liquidity issue but further diluted the groups capitalisation.[9]
Dudley Docker retired as a BSA director in 1912 and installed Lincoln
Chandler on the BSA board as his replacement. Dudley Docker liked to
draw a comparison between the BSA~Daimler merger he engineered and that
of his 1902 merger of Metropolitan Carriage Wagon & Finance Company and Patent Shaft.
However there was not the integration of facilities in the BSA~Daimler
case, nor was there a reorganisation of either BSA or Daimler and in
view of the earlier criticism contained in the 1909 report of the
investigation committee, BSA continued to produce cars of their own
using Daimler engines. In 1913 Daimler employed 5,000 workers to
manufacture 1,000 vehicles an indication that things were not well.[10]
[edit] Steel bodies
In 1912, BSA would be one of two automobile manufacturers pioneering the use of all-steel bodies, joining Hupmobile in the US.[11]
[edit] First World War
During the First World War, the company returned to arms manufacture and greatly expanded its operations. BSA produced rifles, Lewis guns, shells, motorcycles and other vehicles for the war effort.
[edit] Inter-war years
1935 magazine advert for the BSA range of motorcycles and 3-wheeler cars
[edit] Motorcycles
In November 1919 BSA launched their first 50 degree vee-twin, Model E, 770cc side valve (6-7 hp) motorcycle for the 1920 season.[12]
The machine had interchangeable valves, total loss oil system with
mechanical pump and an emergency hand one. Retail price was £130. Other
features were Amac carburettor, chain drive, choice of magneto or Magdyno, 7-plate clutch, 3 speed gear box with kickstarter and new type of cantilever fork[13]
[edit] Aviation
During the war Daimler had built enormous numbers of aero engines and
aircraft and by the end was building 80 Airco de Havilland bombers a
month. In February 1920 BSA amalgamated[14] with what was the world's largest aircraft manufacturer, Aircraft Manufacturing Company (Airco), Airco's main plant at Hendon had employed between 7,000 and 8,000 people.[15] The Airco group of companies had turned out a new aircraft every 45 minutes.[16]
Within days BSA discovered Airco was in a far more serious financial state than George Holt Thomas
had revealed. Holt Thomas was immediately dropped from his new seat on
the BSA board and all BSA's new acquisitions were placed in the hands of
a liquidator. Some of the businesses were allowed to continue for some
years, Aircraft Transport and Travel's assets being eventually rolled into Daimler Air Hire to make Daimler Airway Limited. BSA failed to pay a dividend for the following four years while it tried to recover from its losses.[17] Some relief was achieved when in March 1924 Daimler Airway and its management became the major constituent of Imperial Airways.
As well as the Daimler car range, BSA Cycles Ltd re-entered the car
market under the BSA name in 1921 with a V-twin engined light car
followed by four-cylinder models up to 1926, when the name was
temporarily dropped. In 1929 a new range of 3- and 4-wheel cars appeared
and production of these continued until 1936.
By 1930 the BSA Group's primary activities were BSA motorcycles and Daimler vehicles.[18]
Car production under the BSA name ceased in the 1930s.
[edit] Lanchester
In 1931 the Lanchester Motor Company at Sparkbrook was acquired[19][20][note 1] and production of their cars transferred to Daimler's Coventry works.
[edit] Armaments
In the 1930s, the board of directors authorised expenditure on
bringing their arms-making equipment back to use - it had been stored at
company expense since the end of the Great War in the belief that BSA
might again be called upon to perform its patriotic duty.
[edit] Second World War
By the outbreak of the Second World War, BSA Guns Ltd at Small Heath, was the only factory producing rifles in the UK. The Royal Ordnance Factories would not begin production until 1941. BSA Guns Ltd was also producing .303 Browning machine guns for the Air Ministry
at the rate of 600 guns per week in March 1939 and Browning production
was to peak at 16,390 per month by March 1942. The armed forces had
chosen the 500 cc side-valve BSA M20
motorcycle as their preferred machine. On the outbreak of war the
Government requisitioned the 690 machines BSA had in stock as well as
placing an order for another 8,000 machines. South Africa, Éire, India,
Sweden and Holland also wanted machines.
The Government passed the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1939
on 24 August allowing the drafting of defence regulations affecting
food, travel, requisitioning of land and supplies, manpower and
agricultural production. A second Emergency Powers (Defence) Act was
passed on 22 May 1940 allowing the conscription of labour. The fall of
France had not been anticipated in Government planning and the
encirclement of a large part of the British Expeditionary Force into the Dunkirk pocket resulted in a hasty evacuation
of that part of the B.E.F following the abandonment of their equipment.
The parlous state of affairs "no arms, no transport, no equipment" in
the face of the threat of imminent invasion of Britain by Nazi forces was recorded by the Chief of the Imperial General Staff Field Marshal Sir Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke in his diary entries of the 1/2 July 1940.[21]
The creation of the Home Guard (initially as the Local Defence Volunteers) following Anthony Eden's
broadcast appeal to the Nation on Tuesday 14 May 1940 also created
further demand for arms production to equip this new force. BSA, as the
only rifle producer in Britain, had to step up to the mark and the
workforce voluntarily went onto a 7 day week.[22]
Motorcycle production was also stepped up from 500 to 1,000 machines
per week which meant a finished machine coming off the production line
every 5 minutes. The motorcycle department had been left intact in 1939
due to demand which was doubled following Dunkirk. At the same time BSA
staff were providing lectures and demonstrations on motorcycle riding
and maintenance to 250,000 officers and men in all parts of the UK.
The BSA factory at Small Heath was bombed by the Luftwaffe
on 26 August 1940 resulting in one H.E.bomb and a shower of
incendiaries hitting the main barrel mill which was the only one
operating on service rifles in the country, causing the unaffordable
loss of 750 machine tools but fortunately no loss of life.[23] Two further air raids took place on 19 and 22 November 1940.[24]
The air raid of 19 November did the most damage, causing loss of
production and trapping hundreds of workers. Two BSA night-shift
electricians, Alf Stevens and Alf Goodwin, helped rescue their fellow
workers. Alf Stevens was awarded the George Medal for his selfless acts of bravery in the rescue and Alf Goodwin was awarded the British Empire Medal. Workers involved in the works Civil Defence
were brought in to help search for and clear bodies to get the plant
back into production. The net effect of the November raids was to
destroy machine shops in the four-storey 1915 building, the original
1863 gunsmiths' building and nearby buildings, 1,600 machine tools, kill
53 employees, injure 89, 30 of them seriously and halt rifle production
for three months.
The Government Ministry of Supply and BSA immediately began a process of production dispersal throughout Britain. Factories were set up at Tipton, Dudley, Smethwick, Blackheath, Lye, Kidderminster, Stourport, Tyseley, and Bromsgrove to manufacture Browning machine guns, Stoke, Corsham, and Newcastle-under-Lyme produced the Hispano cannon, Leicester and Studley Road produced the Besa machine gun, Ruislip produced the Oerlikon 20mm cannon, Stafford produced rocket projectiles, Tamworth produced two-pounder gun carriages, Mansfield produced the Boys Anti-tank gun and Shirley
produced rifles. These were dispersal factories which were in addition
to Small Heath and the other BSA factories opened in the two years
following the 1940 blitz. At its peak Small Heath was running 67
factories engaged in war production. BSA operations were also dispersed
to other companies under licence.
In 1941 BSA was approached to produce a new pedal cycle with a maximum weight allowance of only 22 lb especially for airborne
use. This required a new concept in frame design which BSA found,
producing a machine which weighed 21 lb, one pound less than the design
specification and which also exceeded the design requirement for an
effective life of 50 miles many times over. Over 60,000 folding bicycles were produced, a figure equal to half the total production of military bicycles during World War II. BSA also produced folding motorcycles for the Airborne Division. In late 1942 BSA examined the Special Operations Executive designed Welgun
with a view to manufacture. BSA were willing to manufacture the gun in
the quantities required starting April 1943 but the cheaper and less
accurate Sten Mk IV was adopted for production by the Ministry of
Supply.[25] BSA bought the Sunbeam motorcycles and bicycle business from Associated Motor Cycles Ltd in 1943 and then Ariel Motors Ltd in 1944. During the course of the conflict BSA produced 1,250,000 Lee Enfield .303 service rifles, 404,383 Sten
sub-machine guns, 468,098 Browning machine guns plus spares equivalent
to another 100,000, 42,532 Hispano cannon, 32,971 Oerlikon cannon,
59,322 7.9 mm Besa machine guns, 3,218 15 mm Besa machine guns, 68,882
Boys Anti-tank guns, 126,334 motorcycles, 128,000 military bicycles
(over 60,000 of which were folding paratrooper bicycles), 10,000,000
shell fuse cases, 3,485,335 magazines and 750,000 anti-aircraft rockets
were supplied to the armed forces.[22]
At the same time other parts of the Group were having similar
problems. Before World War II Daimler had been linked with other
Coventry motor manufacturers in a government-backed scheme for aero
engine manufacture and had been allocated two shadow factories. Apart
from this, BSA-owned Daimler was producing Scout Cars
and Daimler Mk I Armoured Cars which had been designed by BSA at Small
Heath not Coventry as well as gun turrets, gun parts, tank
transmissions, rocket projectiles and other munitions. This activity had
not gone unnoticed by the enemy, which made Radford Works a target in
the Coventry air raids.
Radford Works received direct hits in four separate air raids during
1940. None of these attacks were to seriously disrupt production,
however two more serious air raids were carried out in April 1941 which
destroyed half the factory. In all it is estimated that 170 bombs
containing 52,000 lbs of explosive were dropped on Radford Works as well
as the thousands of incendiaries. Like BSA, Daimler had to find
dispersal units.[23] A back-handed compliment was paid by Field Marshal Rommel to the workers at Radford Works when he used a captured Daimler Scout to escape following his defeat at El Alamein.
[edit] Post-war
As the result of increased post war demand the Small Heath, Birmingham factory was turned over entirely to motorcycle production.
BSA produced the first Sunbeam bicycle catalogue in 1949 and produced its own '4 Star' derailleur gear with an associated splined cassette hub and 4 sprocket cassette.[26]
This design was different from the 1930s Bayliss Wiley cassette hub
which had a threaded sprocket carrier. BSA bought New Hudson motorcycle
and bicycle business in 1950 and followed this up in 1951 with the
purchase of Triumph Motorcycles which brought Jack Sangster
onto the BSA board. The effect of this acquisition was to make BSA into
the largest producer of motorcycles in the world at that time.
1952 saw BSA establish a Professional Cycling Team. Bob Maitland
a successful amateur cyclist and the highest placed British finisher in
the 1948 Olympic Games road race and now an independent rider in the
BSA team was a BSA employee working in the design office as a
draughtsman. It was Bob Maitland who was responsible for the design of
post war BSA range of lightweight sports bicycles based on his knowledge
of cycling.[27]
Bob Maitland also made some of the components used on the bicycles of
the professional team which were not standard production machines. In
the 1952 Tour of Britain
Road Race run between Friday 22 August and Saturday 6 September,
involving 14 individual stages and covering a total race distance of
1,470 miles, the BSA team of Bob Maitland, “Tiny” Thomas, Pete Proctor,
Alf Newman and Stan Jones won the overall team race and Pete Proctor
“King of the Mountains” classification. The riders also enjoyed success
on the individual stages of the race. The team competed in four further
events, 14 September Tour of the Chilterns, 1st “Tiny” Thomas and Team
Prize, 21 September Weston-Super-Mare Grand Prix, Team Prize, 28
September Staffordshire Grand Prix, 1st Bob Maitland and Team Prize, 5
October Tour Revenge Race, Dublin, 1st “Tiny” Thomas and Team prize.[28]
In 1953 BSA withdrew motorcycle production from BSA Cycles Ltd, the
company it has established in 1919, by creating BSA Motorcycles Ltd. BSA
also produced its 100,000th BSA Bantam motorcycle, a fact celebrated at the 1953 motorcycle show with a visit by Sir Anthony Eden to the BSA stand. In 1953 the BSA Professional Cycling Team was managed by Syd Cozens.
Successes were 5/6 April Bournmouth 2 Day Road Race, 1st Bob Maitland,
12 April Dover to London 63 Miles Road Race, 1st Stan Jones, 31 May
Langsett 90 Miles Road Race, 1st Bob Maitland and “King of the
Mountains”, 7 June Tour of the Wrekin, 1st Bob Maitland, 12 July Severn
Valley 100 Miles Road Race, 1st “Tiny” Thomas, 19 July Jackson Trophy,
Newcastle, Team Prize, 9 August Les Adams Memorial 80 Miles Road Race,
1st Alf Newman, Team Prize, “King of the Mountains” Arthur Ilsley, 30
August Weston-Super-Mare 100 Miles Grand Prix, 1st Bob Maitland, Team
Prize. The team also competed in the 1,624 mile, 12 stage, 1953 Tour of
Britain Road Race. The 1953 line up had changed as Arthur Ilsley
replaced Pete Proctor in the team. “Tiny” Thomas won the overall
individual classification, the Team were runners-up in the team
competition and Arthur Ilsley was 3rd in the “King of the Mountains”
competition. Bob Maitland also had notable success by winning the
Independent National Championship.[29]
1954 saw the introduction of the BSA Quick Release 3 Speed hub gear.
It was a split axle three speed gear intended for use with bicycles
equipped with oil bath chainguards. The original BSA 3 speed hub gear
had been made under licence from the Three-Speed Gear Syndicate since
1907. The design was later to be classified as the Sturmey-Archer 'Type X', but all BSA hub gear production ceased in 1955[30]
Sir Bernard Docker
remained chairman of BSA until 1956 when the BSA removed him. In an
acrimonious dispute conducted in the media the matter was brought to the
BSA shareholders at the Annual General Meeting where the decision of
the Board was upheld. Another significant departure for the fortune of
the BSA Group but less controversial was the retirement on ill health
grounds of James Leek CBE, Managing Director from 1939 until his
retirement. Sir Bernard Docker was replaced as Chairman of the BSA Board
by Jack Sangster.[31]
The BSA bicycle division, BSA Cycles Ltd., including the BSA cycle dealer network was sold to Raleigh in 1957.[32]
Raleigh initially continued bicycle production in Birmingham at
Coventry Road, Sheldon, Birmingham 26 into the early 1960s using up BSA
parts but as time went on more stock Raleigh parts and fittings were
used, some continuing to bear the 'piled arms' stamp. TI Group owners of the British Cycle Corporation
bought Raleigh in 1960 thus gaining access to the BSA brand. Bicycles
bearing the BSA name are currently manufactured and distributed within
India by TI Cycles of India but have no direct connection to the original Birmingham BSA company.
In 1960, Daimler was sold off to Jaguar.
1961 was the centenary year of the BSA Group and in recognition of
this milestone the company magazine produced an anniversary issue of BSA Group News in June BSA Centenary 1861–1961
in which many of the achievements of the Group were celebrated. This
year also saw the end of military rifle production, however BSA still
continued to make sporting guns. In 1986 BSA Guns was liquidated, the
assets bought and renamed BSA Guns (UK) Ltd. The company continues to make air rifles and shotguns, and is still based in Small Heath in Birmingham.
[edit] Norton-Villiers-Triumph
The Group continued to expand and acquire throughout the 1950s, but
by 1965 competition from Japan (in the shape of companies like Honda, Yamaha and Suzuki) and Europe from Jawa / CZ, Bultaco and Husqvarna was eroding BSA's market share. The BSA (and Triumph range) were no longer aligned with the markets; mopeds were displacing scooter sales; superbike engine capacity had risen to 1000 cc, and the trials and scrambles areas were now the preserve of European two-strokes.
Some poor marketing decisions and expensive projects contributed to
substantial losses. For example, the development and production
investment of the Ariel 3, an ultra stable 3-wheel moped, was not
recouped by sales; the loss has been estimated at £2 million.
In 1968, BSA announced many changes to its product line of singles,
twins and the new three-cylinder machine named the "Rocket three" for
the 1969 model year. It now concentrated on the more promising USA, and
to a lesser extent, Canadian, markets. However, despite the adding of
modern accessories, for example, turn signals and even differing
versions of the A65 twins for home and export sale, the damage had been
done and the end was near.
Reorganisation in 1971 concentrated motorcycle production at Meriden,
Triumph's site, with production of components and engines at BSA's
Small Heath. At the same time there were redundancies and the selling of assets. Barclays Bank arranged financial backing to the tune of £10 million.
Upgrades and service bulletins continued until 1972, but the less
service-intensive Japanese bikes had by then flooded the market on both
sides of the Atlantic. The merger with Norton Villers was started in
late 1972, and for a brief time a Norton 500 single was built with the B50-based
unit-single engine, but few if any were sold publicly. The BSA unit
single B50's 500 cc enjoyed much improvement in the hands of the CCM
motorcycle company allowing the basic BSA design to continue until the
mid to late 1970s in a competitive form all over Europe.
By 1972, BSA was so moribund that, with bankruptcy imminent, its motorcycle businesses were merged (as part of a government-initiated rescue plan) with the Manganese Bronze company, Norton-Villiers, to become Norton-Villiers-Triumph with the intention of producing and marketing Norton and Triumph
motorcycles at home and abroad. In exchange for its motorcycle
businesses, Manganese Bronze received BSA Group's non-motorcycle-related
divisions—namely, Carbodies.
Although the BSA name was left out of the new company's name, a few
products continued to be made carrying it until 1973. The final range
was just four models: Gold Star 500, 650 Thunderbolt/Lightning and the
750 cc Rocket Three.
However, the plan involved the axing of some brands, large
redundancies and consolidation of production at two sites. This scheme
to rescue and combine Norton, BSA and Triumph failed in the face of
worker resistance. Norton's and BSA's factories were eventually shut
down, while Triumph staggered on to fail four years later.
[edit] Trademarks
[edit] Motorcycles
Rights went to Norton Villiers Triumph and on its liquidation were purchased by a new company formed by management and named BSA Company Limited.
Rights were acquired by Gamo for its new subsidiary BSA Guns (UK) Limited
[edit] Products
[edit] Bicycles
According to Charles Spencer, BSA was manufacturing the "Delta"
bicycle circa 1869. In 1880 the company was approached to manufacture
the "Otto Dicycle". An initial contract was signed to produce 210 and a
further contract followed for a further 200. In all it is believed that a
total of 953 Otto machines were made. BSA then went into bicycle
production on their own account, the first machines to their own
specification being exhibited at the 1881 Stanley Show. BSA went on to
design and manufacture a "safety" bicycle (patent:15,342 of 1884). BSA
was also producing tricycles and a licence was obtained in 1885 to
manufacture ball bearings. BSA ceased bicycle manufacture in 1887
because of the demand for arms. Bicycle component manufacture commenced
in 1894 and BSA continued to supply the bicycle trade up to 1936. The
company recommenced bicycle manufacture on their own account again in
1908 and these were exhibited at the Stanley Show in 1909.[33]
Bicycle manufacture was what led BSA into motorcycles. BSA produced
bicycles for both the police and military and notably a folding bicycle
for the British Army during World War I[34] [1] and the more well known folding Paratroopers bicycle during World War II. BSA supplied the Irish Army with bicycles after 1922.
BSA manufactured a range of bicycles from utility roadsters through
to racing bicycles. The BSA range of Sports bicycles expanded in the
1930s following the granting of a patent for a new lighter design of
seat lug in 1929[35]
and tandems were introduced into the BSA bicycle range as well. BSA had
a reputation for quality and durability and their components were more
expensive that either Chater-Lea or Brampton. BSA launched a high end
club cyclists machine in the early 1930s initially branded as the
"Super-eeze". Never slow to avail of publicity BSA sponsored the great
Australian cyclist Hubert Opperman [2] and re-branded the top of the range machine the "Opperman" model [3][4].
A less expensive range of clubman lightweight machines was introduced
from 1936 with the "Cyclo" 3 speed derailleur equipped "Clubman". Subtle
changes were made to the range, most models being equipped with "Russ"
patent forks [5]
and some models were made for only two seasons. This all stopped around
September 1939 with the outbreak of war. A revised catalogue with a
much reduced range was issued in March 1940 which also saw the launch of
the BSA "Streamlight" model [6]. A novel all white bicycle [7]
was produced for the blackout but had disappeared from a severely
reduced bicycle range the details of which were circulated to dealers
from December 1941. BSA had ceased production of their 3 speed hub gear
in 1939 and production appears to have started again by 1945 although
with a black finish instead of chromium plating. BSA bought Sunbeam
in 1943 and produced Sunbeam bicycles using up existing frames and
parts and using BSA components for the missing bits. The first BSA
produced Sunbeam catalogue was published in 1949[36]
Post war BSA expanded their bicycle range but faced problems of
shortages of raw materials such as steel and was required to export a
lot of their manufactured output in order to get a Government licence to
purchase the necessary raw materials. The company moved bicycle
production to the new Waverley Works after World War II. BSA continued
to innovate introducing the 4 Star derailleur gear in 1949[37] along with an associated 4 speed 'unit' or cassette hub. The derailleur design was altered from 1950[38] and was certainly available up to 1953 but was not a great success. BSA bought New Hudson in 1950[39]
and started to manufacture and sell New Hudson branded machines as well
as Sunbeam. It appears that the top of the range BSA lightweight club
cyclist machine was the "Gold Column" and this appears to have been
changed into the BSA "Tour of Britain" model following the success of
the BSA Professional Cycling Team in the 1952 Tour of Britain race. The
"Tour of Britain" model was heavily promoted in the BSA 1953 sales
literature. The factory made "Tour of Britain" model was not the same as
those ridden by the professional team. Only eight machines were crafted
for the professional team and none of the components appear to have
been standard BSA parts. 1953 saw BSA separate the bicycle / motorcar
and motorcycle business into different holdings.
The good times were coming to an end and demand for bicycles fell with the end of rationing in 1954 [8].
James Leek, managing director of BSA Cycles Ltd was suffering ill
health and he retired in 1956, the same year the BSA Chairman, Sir
Bernard Docker,[40] was removed from the BSA Board. Jack Sangster
who had joined the BSA Board in 1951 following the purchase of his
company Triumph Motorcycles became Chairman. The bicycle manufacturing
business BSA Cycles Ltd was sold to Raleigh Industries in 1957.
[edit] Motorcycles
BSA Motorcycles were made by BSA Cycles Ltd, under the BSA parent up until 1953 when the motorcycle business was moved into holding BSA Motorcycles Ltd. The first wholly BSA motorcycle, the 3½ H.P. [9] was built in 1910 and displayed at the first Olympia Show, London on 21 November in that year. Sir Hallewell Rogers,
BSA Chairman, had informed the shareholders at the Company's 1910 AGM
in Birmingham "We have decided to put a motor-bicycle on the market for
the coming season....These machines will be on exhibit at the Cycle and
Motor Show on November 21st, after which date we look forward to
commencing delivery".[41]
The machines were available for the 1911 season and entire production
sold out. BSA had previously acquired a commercially available engine in
1905 and fitted it to one of their bicycle frames and discovered at
first hand the problems which needed to be overcome. BSA Cycles Ltd was set up as a subsidiary company in 1919 under Managing Director Charles Hyde to manufacture both bicycles and motorcycles.[42]
BSA produced their only two stroke motorcycle design for the 1928 season, the 1.74 H.P. Model A28 with two speed gearbox. [10]
It was produced as the A29 and A30 the following two years and became
the A31 with a three speed gearbox in 1931, the last year of production.
The post war 'Bantam' was a German DKW design which was part of war reparation and it was not a true BSA design.
BSA motorcycles were sold as affordable motorcycles with reasonable
performance for the average user. BSA stressed the reliability of their
machines, the availability of spares and dealer support. The motorcycles
were a mixture of sidevalve and OHV engines offering different
performance for different roles, e.g. hauling a sidecar.
The bulk of use would be for commuting. BSA motorcycles were also
popular with "fleet buyers" in Britain, who (for example) used the
Bantams for telegram delivery for the Post Office or motorcycle/sidecar combinations for AA patrols The Automobile Association (AA) breakdown help services. This mass market appeal meant they could claim "one in four is a BSA" on advertising.
Machines with better specifications were available for those who wanted more performance or for competition work.
Initially, after World War II, BSA motorcycles were not generally seen as racing machines, compared to the likes of Norton.
In the immediate post war period few were entered in races such as the
TT races, though this changed dramatically in the Junior Clubman event
(smaller engine motorcycles racing over some 3 or 4 laps around one of
the Isle of Man courses). In 1947 there were but a couple of BSA mounted
riders, but by 1952 BSA were in the majority and in 1956 the makeup was
53 BSA, 1 Norton and 1 Velocette.
To improve US sales, in 1954, for example, BSA entered a team of riders in the 200 mile Daytona beach race with a mixture of single cylinder Gold Stars and twin cylinder Shooting Stars
assembled by Roland Pike. The BSA team riders took first, second,
third, fourth, and fifth places with two more riders finishing at 8th
and 16th. This was the first case of a one brand sweep.[43]
The BSA factory experienced success in the sport of motocross with Jeff Smith riding a B40 to capture the 1964 and 1965 FIM 500 cc Motocross World Championships.[44][45] It would be the last year the title would be won by a four-stroke machine until the mid-1990s. A BSA motocross machine was often colloquially known as a "Beezer."
Birmingham rocker Steve Gibbons released a song "BSA" on his 1980
album "Saints & Sinners" as a tribute to the Gold Star. He still
plays this song with his band and often performs on the Isle of Man at
the TT races.
[edit] Motorcycle models
[edit] Pre World War II
- 3½ hp
- Model E
- Model A28
- C10 sidevalve 250 cc 1938 on design by Val Page
- G14 1000 cc V-twin
- Blue Star
- Empire Star
- Silver Star
- Gold Star
- Sloper
- M20 (500cc):as the WD (War Department) M20 the motorcycle of the British Army in World War II
- M21 (600cc): the big brother of the M20, also used by the British Army in World War II
[edit] Post World War II
- A series Twins (four-stroke, pushrod parallel twins)
- A7
- A7 Shooting Star - 500cc pre-unit construction
- A10 - 650cc pre-unit construction
- A50 - 500cc unit construction
- A65 - 650cc unit construction
- A70L Lightning 750
- Triples (four stroke, pushrod, three-cylinder engines) - The BSA Rocket 3/Triumph Trident were developed together. The Rocket 3 shares a majority of engine components and cycle parts with the Trident T150, but has forward-inclined cylinder barrels, BSA frame and cycle parts.
- A75R Rocket3 750
- A75RV Rocket3 750 - 5 speed
- A75V Rocket3 750 - 5 speed
- Singles (Four-stroke single cylinder)
- C25 Barracuda
- B25 Starfire - 250cc unit construction
- B25FS Fleetstar
- B25 SS Gold Star
- BSA B31 single
- B32 Gold Star
- B33
- B34 Gold Star
- B40 350 Star - 350cc unit construction
- B40 SS90
- B44 Victor
- B44
- B50
- B50SS Gold Star 500
- B50T Victor Trials
- B50MX Motocross
-
- C11/C11G: 12 hp (9 kW) - 70 mph (110 km/h) - 85mpg - weight 250 lb (113 kg).
The C11 used a C10 motor fitted with an overhead valve cylinder head. The C11 frame was almost unchanged until 1951 when BSA added plunger rear suspension. Early gearboxes
were weak and unreliable. The C11G was available with a three ratio
gearbox and rigid frame or a four ratio gearbox and a plunger frame.
Both models had better front brakes than earlier models. This model was a
common commuter motorcycle, and many survive today.
- (1956–1958). 249 cc OHV
Used the C11G engine, fitted with an alternator and swinging fork (known as swinging arm) rear suspension.
-
- C15 Star - 250cc unit construction
- C15T Trials
- C15S Scrambler
- C15SS80 Sports Star 80
- C15 Sportsman
- D series (Two-stroke single cylinder. See BSA Bantam for details)
- D1 Bantam - 125cc unit-construction
- D3 Bantam Major
- D5 Bantam Super
- D7 Bantam Super
- D10 Silver Bantam, Bantam Supreme, Bantam Sports, Bushman
- D13
- D14/4 Bantam Supreme, Bantam Sports, Bushman - 175cc
- B175 Bantam Sports, Bushman
- Others (may include some export versions of models listed above)
- B31 Twin (350 cc). B31 frame fitted with a Triumph 3T motor to
produce this BSA B31 Twin. Very few units were produced, probably
prototypes.
- BSA Barracuda
- BSA Beagle
- BSA Boxer - 1979 - c.1981 the sports version of the boxer-GT50, beaver, brigand (or 50cc) range
- BSA GT50 (renamed from the boxer)
- BSA beaver the standard road version
- BSA Tracker 125/175 - late 70s moto-cross style product by NVT with Yamaha two stroke engine.
- BSA Dandy 70
- BSA Sunbeam (Scooters, also produced as Triumph TS1, TW2 Tigress)
- BSA Starfire
- BSA Rocket Scrambler
- BSA Rocket Gold Star
- BSA Fury
- BSA Hornet
- Winged Wheel (auxiliary power unit for bicycles)
- T65 Thunderbolt (essentially a Triumph TR6P with BSA Badges)
This BSA 10 was first registered in 1933. The model was the basis of the Lanchester 10 which was launched at this time.
Car timeline
- 1907 to 1914 various forms with capacities ranging from 2.5 to 4.2
litre. The larger cars were based on the 1907 Peking-Paris Itala.
- 1910 BSA purchased with BSA shares the Daimler Company which took over car manufacture.
- 1911 BSA car with Daimler engine.
- 1912 Car production transferred to Coventry, BSA cars became rebadged Daimlers.
- 1914 War stopped car production
- 1921 BSA car production resumed with rear-wheel-drive air-cooled V-twin light car.
- 1929 First BSA three-wheeler
- 1931 TW-5 van version of the three-wheeler
- 1931 BSA acquired Lanchester.
- 1932 T-9 open four seat four-wheeler with a water-cooled four cylinder 9 hp (6.7 kW) engine (1075 cc).
- 1932 V-9 Van version also produced.
- 1932 Another BSA Rear-wheel-drive fluid flywheel 10 hp (7.5 kW) car, sold alongside the T9.
- 1932 FW32 Four-wheeled version of the 3-wheeler produced for 1 year
- 1933 T-9 and V-9 production ceased
- 1933 Four-cylinder engine version of the three and four-wheeled car was added to the range.
- 1935 First Scout Series 2/3
- 1936 to 1937 Scout Series 4
- 1936 Three-wheeled cars dropped
- 1937 to 1938 Scout Series 5
- 1938 to 1939 Scout Series 6
- 1940 World War II stopped production of BSA cars
- 1958 to 1960 Ladybird 3-wheeler prototype[46]
- 1960 Jaguar Cars Ltd. acquired The Daimler Co. Ltd. and its subsidiaries from the BSA group.
[edit] Military vehicles
- "Type G Apparatus", Folding paratrooper bicycle, 32½ lb (15 kg) with parachute.
[edit] Military firearms
[edit] Civilian firearms
- The 1906 war office pattern rifle[47]
- The Sportsman series of .22 Long Rifle bolt action rifles
- Various Martini action target .22lr rifles[48]
- The Ralock and Armatic semi automatic .22lr rifles[49]
- Various bolt action hunting rifles mostly in .243 and .270 calibre
[edit] See also
- ^ from
Hamilton Barnsley, the principal shareholder, chairman and managing
director. Negotiated shortly before his death during Christmas time
1930. The Lanchester Motor Company held adjoining factory premises at
Sparkbrook. The purchase of the whole of the shares was completed in
January 1931 for £26,000.
[edit] References
- ^ Taylerson, A. W. F., pages 469–472 in Blair Claude (editor), 1983, Pollard's History of Firearms Feltham, ISBN : 0-600-331547
- ^ a b c d Ryerson Barry, 1980, The Giants of Small Heath - The History of BSA Sparkford, ISBN : 0-85429-255-1
- ^ Davenport-Hines R.P.T., 2002, Dudley Docker - The Life and Times of a Trade Warrior , Page 48, Cambridge University Press, ISBN : 0-521-89400-X
- ^ Davenport-Hines R.P.T., 2002 Dudley Docker – The Life and Times of a Trade Warrior , Page 48, Cambridge University Press, ISBN : 0-521-89400-X
- ^ Ryerson Barry, 1980, The Giants of Small Heath - The History of BSA, page 16, Sparkford, ISBN : 0-85429-255-1
- ^ Davenport-Hines R.P.T., 2002 Dudley Docker - The Life and Times of a Trade Warrior , page 49, Cambridge University Press, ISBN : 0-521-89400-X
- ^ Davenport-Hines R.P.T., 2002, Dudley Docker – The Life and Times of Trade Warrior , pages 49–50, Cambridge University Press, ISBN : 0-521-89400-X
- ^ Davenport-Hines R.P.T., 2002, Dudley Docker – The Life and Times of a Trade Warrior , page 51, Cambridge University Press, ISBN : 0-521-89400-X
- ^ Davenport-Hines R.P.T., 2002 Dudley Docker – The Life and Times of a Trade Warrior , pages 50–52, Cambridge University Press, ISBN : 0-521-89400-X
- ^ Davenport-Hines R.P.T., 2002 Dudley Docker – The Life and Times of a Trade Warrior , page 52, Cambridge University Press, ISBN : 0-521-89400-X
- ^ Csere, Csaba (January 1988), "10 Best Engineering Breakthroughs", Car and Driver 33 (7), p. 63.
- ^ BSA Cycles Ltd 1920 Advertisement Suggestions for BSA Bicycles and Motor Bicycles, The Birmingham Small Arms Company, no ISBN
- ^ Ryerson, Barry 1980 The Giants of Small Heath - The History of BSA, Sparkford, ISBN 0-85429-255-1
- ^ Air Transport Combine. Aircraft And B.S.A. Firms Unite The Times, Monday, Mar 01, 1920; pg. 14; Issue 42347
- ^ Mr. G. Holt Thomas. The Times, Friday, Jan 04, 1929; pg. 14; Issue 45092
- ^ Mr. G. Holt Thomas. Colonel G. W. Dawes. The Times, Saturday, Jan 05, 1929; pg. 14; Issue 45093
- ^ Dudley Docker: The Life and Times of a Trade Warrior R. P. T. Davenport-Hines 1984 Cambridge University Press
- ^ The Birmingham Small Arms Company The Times, Saturday, 1 November 1930; pg. 20; Issue 45659
- ^ The Lanchester Company FROM OUR MOTORING CORRESPONDENT The Times, Tuesday, Jan 06, 1931; pg. 10; Issue 45713
- ^ The Birmingham Small Arms Company A Difficult Trading Year, Important Transactions Effected The Times, Saturday, Nov 28, 1931; pg. 17; Issue 45992
- ^ War Diaries 1939 -1945 Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, London 2001, ISBN 0-297-607316
- ^ a b BSA Centenary 1861 - 1961, BSA Group News, No.17 June 1961, The Birmingham Small Arms Company, no ISBN
- ^ a b BSA Centenary 1861 - 1961, BSA Group News, No. 17 June 1961, The Birmingham Small Arms Company, no ISBN
- ^ Godwin, Tommy It wasn't that easy - The Tommy Godwin story, John Pinkerton Memorial Publishing Fund, 2007, ISBN 978-0-9552115-5-3
- ^ Boyce, Frederick and Everett, Douglas, S.O.E.- The Scientific Secrets Stroud, Gloucester, 2003, ISBN 0-7509-3165-5
- ^ BSA Cycles Ltd, 1951 Bicycle Replacement Parts, BSA, Sunbeam, New Hudson Birmingham Small Arms Company Ltd, no ISBN
- ^ Godwin, Tommy It wasn't that easy – the Tommy Godwin story, John Pinkerton Memorial Publishing Fund, 2007, ISBN 978-0-9552115-5-3
- ^ BSA Cycles Ltd, The Story of How BSA Won The “Daily Express” TOUR OF BRITAIN TEAM PRIZE and “The King of the Mountains”, Birmingham Small Arms (1952), no ISBN
- ^ BSA Cycles Ltd, 1st BSA Wins “Daily Express” Tour of Britain, Birmingham Small Arms, (November 1953), no ISBN
- ^ Hadland, Tony The Sturmey-Archer Story, privately published, (1987), ISBN 0-9507431-2-7
- ^ Ryerson Barry 1980 The Giants of Small Heath – The History of BSA Sparkford, ISBN : 0-85429-255-1
- ^ Bowden Gregory Houston 1975 The Story of the Raleigh Cycle London, ISBN : 0-491-01675-1
- ^ Millar Ray, (second edition 2009), An Encyclopaedia of Cycle Manufacturers - The Early Years up to 1918 , Veteran-Cycle Club, ISBN : 978-0-9560430-5-4
- ^ Birmingham Small Arms, 1918, BSA History from the days of the Crimea , Birmingham, no ISBN
- ^ Intellectual Property Office, (patent application date 04-07-1929), GB332384(A) Improvements in or relating to the construction of cycle frames BSA Birmingham, no ISBN
- ^ Pinkerton John, Roberts Derek, Hadland Tony and Lawrence Scotford, 2002 Sunbeam Cycles - The Story from the Catalogues 1887–1957 , Pinkerton Press, Birmingham, ISBN : 0-9536174-3-2
- ^ Berto, Frank J, 2005 The Dancing Chain - History and Development of the Derailleur Bicycle Page 168, 2nd Edition, Van der Plas Publications/Cycle Publishing, ISBN : 1-892495-41-1
- ^ BSA Cycles Ltd, June 1950 Bicycle Catalogue It's Time You Had a BSA Birmingham Small Arms Company Ltd, no ISBN
- ^ BSA Cycles Ltd, April 1950 Letter
to Dealers reference newspaper advertising campaign for New Hudson
bicycles to be run in local newspapers from March to August 1950, Birmingham, no ISBN
- ^ Time magazine 11 June 1956
- ^ Ryerson Barry, 1980 The Giants of Small Heath - History of BSA Sparkford, ISBN : 0-85429-255-1
- ^ Ryerson Barry, 1980 The Giants of Small Heath - History of BSA Sparkford, ISBN : 0-85429-255-1
- ^ BSA: 50 years later
- ^ "BSA B50 Racing History". b50.org. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
- ^ "BSA". classicmotorcycles.org.uk. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
- ^ Marshall, Tony (1999) Microcars Sutton's Photographic History of Transport Gloucester: Sutton Publishing Limited ISBN 0-7509-2082-3
- ^ The War Office Pattern Miniature Rifle
- ^ BSA Small-bore Target Rifles and Equipment
- ^ The BSA Ralock and Armatic semi-auto rifles
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